New Sovereigns in Christendom. Henry VIII, the Reign. Part 5 - Henry VIII,the Reign.
Henry VIII,the Reign.
info@reformationhenryviii.com
Home form below to become a registered member. Public Registration Will Open in mid 2017 User Account DETAILS, user must be logged in to view Embed Login Form Logout Link All Pages Short Index Henry VIII the Reign Biographies > Brief Biographies Catherine of Aragon Profile Catherine of Aragon Detailed Charles V Profile > Charles V Detailed Cuthbert Tunstall Detailed Edward Foxe Profile Ferdinand II King of Aragon Profile > Ferdinand Detailed Francis I > Francis I Detailed George Cavendish Henry VIII Hugh Latimer John Fisher John Longland John Foxe Profile > John Foxe Detailed Martin Luther Lorenzo Campeggio Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor > Maximilian Detailed Polydore Vergil Pope Julius II Profile Pope Leo X Giovanni de' Medici Profile > Pope Leo X Detailed Pope Clement VII Profile Richard Pace Robert Barnes Stephen Gardiner Detailed Thomas Boleyn Earl of Wiltshire Detailed Thomas Cranmer Detailed Thomas More William Tyndale Profile William Warham Observations and Queries Page About Features Page One Wosley and CoA Two Boleyn and Howard Three Cromwell and Jane Four Cromwell and Cleves Wolsey. The Road to His Fall > 1. King, Cardinal and Divorce 2. Bourbon and the Prisoner Pope 3. Wolsey to the Rescue 4. Journey to Dover 5. Switched Sides 6. Wolsey and Papal Power Library Bookshelf > Life of Cardinal Wolsey Life and Letters of Thomas Cromwell,Volume1 Anne Boleyn by P Friedman Anne Boleyn, Volume 2, by P.Friedman The Reign of Henry VIII and His Rulers > Reign Contents Page 1.Reign of Henry VIII 1. A New King 2.Reign of Henry VIII 2. The Emergence of Wolsey 3.Reign of Henry VIII 3.New Papal Policy 4.Reign of Henry VIII 4. Cardinal Archbishop of York Murdered 5.Reign of Henry VIII 5. New Sovereigns in Christendom 6.Reign of Henry VIII 6. Wolsey's Rise to Chief Arbiter of Christendom 7.Reign of Henry VIII 7.Humble Henry VIII's Hoorahs Expelled from Court 8.Reign of Henry VIII 8. Election for New Holy Roman Emperor 9.Reign of Henry VIII 9. Wolsey's Aspirations for Papacy 10.Reign of Henry VIII 10. Wolsey’s Failed Papal Aspirations 11.Reign of Henry VIII 11.Calamity at Pavia 12.Reign of Henry VIII 12.Mythical Amicable Grant 13.Reign Of Henry VIII 13.Mythical Amicable Grant 14.Reign of Henry VIII 14. Wolsey Allies Henry to the French 15.Reign of Henry VIII 15.Francis Released and is Back in France 16.Reign of Henry VIII 16.Rome Sacked 17.Reign of Henry VIII 17.Wolsey Bids for Papal Power By Means of France 18.Reign of Henry VIII 18. Anne Boleyn 19.Reign of Henry VIII 19. Chaos 20.Reign of Henry VIII 20. Semblance of Order 21.Reign of Henry VIII 21.Wolsey’s Visit to Queen Catherine 22.Reign of Henry VIII 22. Divorce Trial 23.Reign of Henry VIII 23.Ladies’ Peace 24.Reign of Henry VIII 24. Thomas Cranmer and Joseph of Arimathea 25.Reign of Henry VIII 25. A Reign of Indecision Until Anne is Queen 26.The Reign of Henry VIII Anne de Boulogne Seeks French Help 27.Anne is Pregnant 28. The Betrothal of Baby Princess Elizabeth 29. Royal Progress 1535 > Detailed Royal Progress of 1535 Locations Summary Royal Progress 1535 Map 1535 Royal Progress 1535 Map of Bristol and Gloucester Area Anne Boleyn's Norman Heritage 30. Anglo - French Connection Severed 31. Rebellion! 32. Evangelicals Strengthened by Rebellion Failure 33.Cromwell Seeks Anglo-German Confederation 34.Tunstall Called South 35.Luther via Cleves 36.Six Articles Revitalise Conservative Faction 37.Cromwell Recovers from Whipping with Six Strings 38. Cromwell’s Plans Bear Fruit 39.Cleves Marriage is a Calamity 40.Diplomatic Incident -Hand Bags in Paris 41. Norfolk Meets with Francis and Marguerite 42. Norfolk is Back and Tells Henry Whats -What 43.The End of Thomas Cromwell 44.Privy Council Culpepper Progress and Execution 45. Macho Henry Recovers from Katherine’s Unrequited Love 46.French Queen of Scotland Pregnant Again 47.Baby Mary Queen of Scots 48. Attack on Cranmer 49.Thomas Seymour and Katherine Parr 50.Treaty of Greenwich 51.Henry is Married to Katherine Parr - Invasion of France 52.Henry’s War Foiled 53.Henry Howard Earl of Surrey and Boulogne 54. The end........of H Mary Rose and the Divorce, Charles's Coronation > 1. Election of the Holy Roman Emperor 2.English Channel and the Imperial Crown 3.Wolsey's Seesaw 4. The Field of the Cloth of Gold 5. A Maritime Spectacular 6. Back to War 7. Calais, Bruges and Double-Dealing 8. Death of a Pope, Charles on the Hop 9. Spain Lauds the English Armáda 10.Charles's Broken Pledge 11. No Place for Catherine in Wolsey’s New Francophile England Thomas Cromwell > Dudley Castle Rebellion! The Pilgrimage of Grace > 1. 1536: England at a Crossroads 2.The Architects of Rebellion 3. First Lincolnshire was Up 4. Then all the North was Up 5.Aske to Spend Christmas with Henry VIII 6.Misplaced Trust 7.Retribution and the Collapse of Catholic Hopes Pilgrimage of Grace Timeline Pilgrimage of Grace, the People Robert Aske Thomas Darcy John Hussey Eustace Chapuys Francis Bigod Robert Bowes Collectanea satis copiosa > 1. Collapse of the Blackfriars Trial 2. Waltham Holy Cross and Thomas Cranmer 3.Joseph of Arimathea 4.Tovi the Proud 5.Last Night of The Proms, Tin and Bronze 6.Last Abbey to be Closed Pope, Tudor, Habsburg and Valois. Christendom’s Dynasties > Dynasty Holbien Master Image Maker
form below to become a registered member.
Public Registration Will Open in mid 2017
User Account DETAILS, user must be logged in to view
Embed Login Form
Logout Link
All Pages Short Index Henry VIII the Reign
Biographies > Brief Biographies Catherine of Aragon Profile Catherine of Aragon Detailed Charles V Profile > Charles V Detailed Cuthbert Tunstall Detailed Edward Foxe Profile Ferdinand II King of Aragon Profile > Ferdinand Detailed Francis I > Francis I Detailed George Cavendish Henry VIII Hugh Latimer John Fisher John Longland John Foxe Profile > John Foxe Detailed Martin Luther Lorenzo Campeggio Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor > Maximilian Detailed Polydore Vergil Pope Julius II Profile Pope Leo X Giovanni de' Medici Profile > Pope Leo X Detailed Pope Clement VII Profile Richard Pace Robert Barnes Stephen Gardiner Detailed Thomas Boleyn Earl of Wiltshire Detailed Thomas Cranmer Detailed Thomas More William Tyndale Profile William Warham
Brief Biographies
Catherine of Aragon Profile
Catherine of Aragon Detailed
Charles V Profile > Charles V Detailed
Charles V Detailed
Cuthbert Tunstall Detailed
Edward Foxe Profile
Ferdinand II King of Aragon Profile > Ferdinand Detailed
Ferdinand Detailed
Francis I > Francis I Detailed
Francis I Detailed
George Cavendish
Henry VIII
Hugh Latimer
John Fisher
John Longland
John Foxe Profile > John Foxe Detailed
John Foxe Detailed
Martin Luther
Lorenzo Campeggio
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor > Maximilian Detailed
Maximilian Detailed
Polydore Vergil
Pope Julius II Profile
Pope Leo X Giovanni de' Medici Profile > Pope Leo X Detailed
Pope Leo X Detailed
Pope Clement VII Profile
Richard Pace
Robert Barnes
Stephen Gardiner Detailed
Thomas Boleyn Earl of Wiltshire Detailed
Thomas Cranmer Detailed
Thomas More
William Tyndale Profile
William Warham
Observations and Queries Page
About
Features Page
One Wosley and CoA
Two Boleyn and Howard
Three Cromwell and Jane
Four Cromwell and Cleves
Wolsey. The Road to His Fall > 1. King, Cardinal and Divorce 2. Bourbon and the Prisoner Pope 3. Wolsey to the Rescue 4. Journey to Dover 5. Switched Sides 6. Wolsey and Papal Power Library Bookshelf > Life of Cardinal Wolsey Life and Letters of Thomas Cromwell,Volume1 Anne Boleyn by P Friedman Anne Boleyn, Volume 2, by P.Friedman The Reign of Henry VIII and His Rulers > Reign Contents Page 1.Reign of Henry VIII 1. A New King 2.Reign of Henry VIII 2. The Emergence of Wolsey 3.Reign of Henry VIII 3.New Papal Policy 4.Reign of Henry VIII 4. Cardinal Archbishop of York Murdered 5.Reign of Henry VIII 5. New Sovereigns in Christendom 6.Reign of Henry VIII 6. Wolsey's Rise to Chief Arbiter of Christendom 7.Reign of Henry VIII 7.Humble Henry VIII's Hoorahs Expelled from Court 8.Reign of Henry VIII 8. Election for New Holy Roman Emperor 9.Reign of Henry VIII 9. Wolsey's Aspirations for Papacy 10.Reign of Henry VIII 10. Wolsey’s Failed Papal Aspirations 11.Reign of Henry VIII 11.Calamity at Pavia 12.Reign of Henry VIII 12.Mythical Amicable Grant 13.Reign Of Henry VIII 13.Mythical Amicable Grant 14.Reign of Henry VIII 14. Wolsey Allies Henry to the French 15.Reign of Henry VIII 15.Francis Released and is Back in France 16.Reign of Henry VIII 16.Rome Sacked 17.Reign of Henry VIII 17.Wolsey Bids for Papal Power By Means of France 18.Reign of Henry VIII 18. Anne Boleyn 19.Reign of Henry VIII 19. Chaos 20.Reign of Henry VIII 20. Semblance of Order 21.Reign of Henry VIII 21.Wolsey’s Visit to Queen Catherine 22.Reign of Henry VIII 22. Divorce Trial 23.Reign of Henry VIII 23.Ladies’ Peace 24.Reign of Henry VIII 24. Thomas Cranmer and Joseph of Arimathea 25.Reign of Henry VIII 25. A Reign of Indecision Until Anne is Queen 26.The Reign of Henry VIII Anne de Boulogne Seeks French Help 27.Anne is Pregnant 28. The Betrothal of Baby Princess Elizabeth 29. Royal Progress 1535 > Detailed Royal Progress of 1535 Locations Summary Royal Progress 1535 Map 1535 Royal Progress 1535 Map of Bristol and Gloucester Area Anne Boleyn's Norman Heritage 30. Anglo - French Connection Severed 31. Rebellion! 32. Evangelicals Strengthened by Rebellion Failure 33.Cromwell Seeks Anglo-German Confederation 34.Tunstall Called South 35.Luther via Cleves 36.Six Articles Revitalise Conservative Faction 37.Cromwell Recovers from Whipping with Six Strings 38. Cromwell’s Plans Bear Fruit 39.Cleves Marriage is a Calamity 40.Diplomatic Incident -Hand Bags in Paris 41. Norfolk Meets with Francis and Marguerite 42. Norfolk is Back and Tells Henry Whats -What 43.The End of Thomas Cromwell 44.Privy Council Culpepper Progress and Execution 45. Macho Henry Recovers from Katherine’s Unrequited Love 46.French Queen of Scotland Pregnant Again 47.Baby Mary Queen of Scots 48. Attack on Cranmer 49.Thomas Seymour and Katherine Parr 50.Treaty of Greenwich 51.Henry is Married to Katherine Parr - Invasion of France 52.Henry’s War Foiled 53.Henry Howard Earl of Surrey and Boulogne 54. The end........of H
1. King, Cardinal and Divorce
2. Bourbon and the Prisoner Pope
3. Wolsey to the Rescue
4. Journey to Dover
5. Switched Sides
6. Wolsey and Papal Power
Library Bookshelf > Life of Cardinal Wolsey Life and Letters of Thomas Cromwell,Volume1 Anne Boleyn by P Friedman Anne Boleyn, Volume 2, by P.Friedman
Life of Cardinal Wolsey
Life and Letters of Thomas Cromwell,Volume1
Anne Boleyn by P Friedman
Anne Boleyn, Volume 2, by P.Friedman
The Reign of Henry VIII and His Rulers > Reign Contents Page 1.Reign of Henry VIII 1. A New King 2.Reign of Henry VIII 2. The Emergence of Wolsey 3.Reign of Henry VIII 3.New Papal Policy 4.Reign of Henry VIII 4. Cardinal Archbishop of York Murdered 5.Reign of Henry VIII 5. New Sovereigns in Christendom 6.Reign of Henry VIII 6. Wolsey's Rise to Chief Arbiter of Christendom 7.Reign of Henry VIII 7.Humble Henry VIII's Hoorahs Expelled from Court 8.Reign of Henry VIII 8. Election for New Holy Roman Emperor 9.Reign of Henry VIII 9. Wolsey's Aspirations for Papacy 10.Reign of Henry VIII 10. Wolsey’s Failed Papal Aspirations 11.Reign of Henry VIII 11.Calamity at Pavia 12.Reign of Henry VIII 12.Mythical Amicable Grant 13.Reign Of Henry VIII 13.Mythical Amicable Grant 14.Reign of Henry VIII 14. Wolsey Allies Henry to the French 15.Reign of Henry VIII 15.Francis Released and is Back in France 16.Reign of Henry VIII 16.Rome Sacked 17.Reign of Henry VIII 17.Wolsey Bids for Papal Power By Means of France 18.Reign of Henry VIII 18. Anne Boleyn 19.Reign of Henry VIII 19. Chaos 20.Reign of Henry VIII 20. Semblance of Order 21.Reign of Henry VIII 21.Wolsey’s Visit to Queen Catherine 22.Reign of Henry VIII 22. Divorce Trial 23.Reign of Henry VIII 23.Ladies’ Peace 24.Reign of Henry VIII 24. Thomas Cranmer and Joseph of Arimathea 25.Reign of Henry VIII 25. A Reign of Indecision Until Anne is Queen 26.The Reign of Henry VIII Anne de Boulogne Seeks French Help 27.Anne is Pregnant 28. The Betrothal of Baby Princess Elizabeth 29. Royal Progress 1535 > Detailed Royal Progress of 1535 Locations Summary Royal Progress 1535 Map 1535 Royal Progress 1535 Map of Bristol and Gloucester Area Anne Boleyn's Norman Heritage 30. Anglo - French Connection Severed 31. Rebellion! 32. Evangelicals Strengthened by Rebellion Failure 33.Cromwell Seeks Anglo-German Confederation 34.Tunstall Called South 35.Luther via Cleves 36.Six Articles Revitalise Conservative Faction 37.Cromwell Recovers from Whipping with Six Strings 38. Cromwell’s Plans Bear Fruit 39.Cleves Marriage is a Calamity 40.Diplomatic Incident -Hand Bags in Paris 41. Norfolk Meets with Francis and Marguerite 42. Norfolk is Back and Tells Henry Whats -What 43.The End of Thomas Cromwell 44.Privy Council Culpepper Progress and Execution 45. Macho Henry Recovers from Katherine’s Unrequited Love 46.French Queen of Scotland Pregnant Again 47.Baby Mary Queen of Scots 48. Attack on Cranmer 49.Thomas Seymour and Katherine Parr 50.Treaty of Greenwich 51.Henry is Married to Katherine Parr - Invasion of France 52.Henry’s War Foiled 53.Henry Howard Earl of Surrey and Boulogne 54. The end........of H
Reign Contents Page
1.Reign of Henry VIII 1. A New King
2.Reign of Henry VIII 2. The Emergence of Wolsey
3.Reign of Henry VIII 3.New Papal Policy
4.Reign of Henry VIII 4. Cardinal Archbishop of York Murdered
5.Reign of Henry VIII 5. New Sovereigns in Christendom
6.Reign of Henry VIII 6. Wolsey's Rise to Chief Arbiter of Christendom
7.Reign of Henry VIII 7.Humble Henry VIII's Hoorahs Expelled from Court
8.Reign of Henry VIII 8. Election for New Holy Roman Emperor
9.Reign of Henry VIII 9. Wolsey's Aspirations for Papacy
10.Reign of Henry VIII 10. Wolsey’s Failed Papal Aspirations
11.Reign of Henry VIII 11.Calamity at Pavia
12.Reign of Henry VIII 12.Mythical Amicable Grant
13.Reign Of Henry VIII 13.Mythical Amicable Grant
14.Reign of Henry VIII 14. Wolsey Allies Henry to the French
15.Reign of Henry VIII 15.Francis Released and is Back in France
16.Reign of Henry VIII 16.Rome Sacked
17.Reign of Henry VIII 17.Wolsey Bids for Papal Power By Means of France
18.Reign of Henry VIII 18. Anne Boleyn
19.Reign of Henry VIII 19. Chaos
20.Reign of Henry VIII 20. Semblance of Order
21.Reign of Henry VIII 21.Wolsey’s Visit to Queen Catherine
22.Reign of Henry VIII 22. Divorce Trial
23.Reign of Henry VIII 23.Ladies’ Peace
24.Reign of Henry VIII 24. Thomas Cranmer and Joseph of Arimathea
25.Reign of Henry VIII 25. A Reign of Indecision Until Anne is Queen
26.The Reign of Henry VIII Anne de Boulogne Seeks French Help
27.Anne is Pregnant
28. The Betrothal of Baby Princess Elizabeth
29. Royal Progress 1535 > Detailed Royal Progress of 1535 Locations Summary Royal Progress 1535 Map 1535 Royal Progress 1535 Map of Bristol and Gloucester Area Anne Boleyn's Norman Heritage
Detailed Royal Progress of 1535
Locations Summary Royal Progress 1535
Map 1535 Royal Progress
1535 Map of Bristol and Gloucester Area
Anne Boleyn's Norman Heritage
30. Anglo - French Connection Severed
31. Rebellion!
32. Evangelicals Strengthened by Rebellion Failure
33.Cromwell Seeks Anglo-German Confederation
34.Tunstall Called South
35.Luther via Cleves
36.Six Articles Revitalise Conservative Faction
37.Cromwell Recovers from Whipping with Six Strings
38. Cromwell’s Plans Bear Fruit
39.Cleves Marriage is a Calamity
40.Diplomatic Incident -Hand Bags in Paris
41. Norfolk Meets with Francis and Marguerite
42. Norfolk is Back and Tells Henry Whats -What
43.The End of Thomas Cromwell
44.Privy Council Culpepper Progress and Execution
45. Macho Henry Recovers from Katherine’s Unrequited Love
46.French Queen of Scotland Pregnant Again
47.Baby Mary Queen of Scots
48. Attack on Cranmer
49.Thomas Seymour and Katherine Parr
50.Treaty of Greenwich
51.Henry is Married to Katherine Parr - Invasion of France
52.Henry’s War Foiled
53.Henry Howard Earl of Surrey and Boulogne
54. The end........of H
Mary Rose and the Divorce, Charles's Coronation > 1. Election of the Holy Roman Emperor 2.English Channel and the Imperial Crown 3.Wolsey's Seesaw 4. The Field of the Cloth of Gold 5. A Maritime Spectacular 6. Back to War 7. Calais, Bruges and Double-Dealing 8. Death of a Pope, Charles on the Hop 9. Spain Lauds the English Armáda 10.Charles's Broken Pledge 11. No Place for Catherine in Wolsey’s New Francophile England
1. Election of the Holy Roman Emperor
2.English Channel and the Imperial Crown
3.Wolsey's Seesaw
4. The Field of the Cloth of Gold
5. A Maritime Spectacular
6. Back to War
7. Calais, Bruges and Double-Dealing
8. Death of a Pope, Charles on the Hop
9. Spain Lauds the English Armáda
10.Charles's Broken Pledge
11. No Place for Catherine in Wolsey’s New Francophile England
Thomas Cromwell > Dudley Castle
Dudley Castle
Rebellion! The Pilgrimage of Grace > 1. 1536: England at a Crossroads 2.The Architects of Rebellion 3. First Lincolnshire was Up 4. Then all the North was Up 5.Aske to Spend Christmas with Henry VIII 6.Misplaced Trust 7.Retribution and the Collapse of Catholic Hopes Pilgrimage of Grace Timeline Pilgrimage of Grace, the People Robert Aske Thomas Darcy John Hussey Eustace Chapuys Francis Bigod Robert Bowes
1. 1536: England at a Crossroads
2.The Architects of Rebellion
3. First Lincolnshire was Up
4. Then all the North was Up
5.Aske to Spend Christmas with Henry VIII
6.Misplaced Trust
7.Retribution and the Collapse of Catholic Hopes
Pilgrimage of Grace Timeline
Pilgrimage of Grace, the People
Robert Aske
Thomas Darcy
John Hussey
Eustace Chapuys
Francis Bigod
Robert Bowes
Collectanea satis copiosa > 1. Collapse of the Blackfriars Trial 2. Waltham Holy Cross and Thomas Cranmer 3.Joseph of Arimathea 4.Tovi the Proud 5.Last Night of The Proms, Tin and Bronze 6.Last Abbey to be Closed
1. Collapse of the Blackfriars Trial
2. Waltham Holy Cross and Thomas Cranmer
3.Joseph of Arimathea
4.Tovi the Proud
5.Last Night of The Proms, Tin and Bronze
6.Last Abbey to be Closed
Pope, Tudor, Habsburg and Valois. Christendom’s Dynasties > Dynasty
Dynasty
Holbien Master Image Maker
Catherine & Wolsey Stuff Catherine's Meeting with Wolsey
Catherine's Meeting with Wolsey
Parliament Summary 1529 Opening Thomas More 1529 Commons, Fishers Angry Response 1529 1st Ses All Acts - List 1531 2nd Ses All Acts - List 1532 3rd Ses All Acts - List 1533 4th Ses All Acts List 1534 5th Ses All Acts - List 1534 6th Ses All Acts - List 1536 7th Ses All Acts List 6th Parliament 8 Jun-18 Jul Pardon of the Clergy 1532 Supp Against Ord 1532 Summary of Supplication 1532 Answer[s] of the Ordinaries 1534 Submission of Clergy and Restraint of Appeals
1529 Opening Thomas More
1529 Commons, Fishers Angry Response
1529 1st Ses All Acts - List
1531 2nd Ses All Acts - List
1532 3rd Ses All Acts - List
1533 4th Ses All Acts List
1534 5th Ses All Acts - List
1534 6th Ses All Acts - List
1536 7th Ses All Acts List
6th Parliament 8 Jun-18 Jul
Pardon of the Clergy
1532 Supp Against Ord
1532 Summary of Supplication
1532 Answer[s] of the Ordinaries
1534 Submission of Clergy and Restraint of Appeals
Christendom Waypoints Diet of Worms 1521 League of Torgau Edict of Worms Diet of Speyer I Diet of Speyer II Protestation at Speyer 1529 Diet of Augsburg 1530 Augsburg Confession League of Schmalkalden
Diet of Worms 1521
League of Torgau
Edict of Worms
Diet of Speyer I
Diet of Speyer II
Protestation at Speyer 1529
Diet of Augsburg 1530
Augsburg Confession
League of Schmalkalden
Lollard Knights & Associates CLANVOWE, Thomas (d.1410) OLDCASTLE, Sir John (c.1370-1417) VACHE, Sir Philip de la (1348-1408)
CLANVOWE, Thomas (d.1410)
OLDCASTLE, Sir John (c.1370-1417)
VACHE, Sir Philip de la (1348-1408)
Elizabeth to be Weaned and Sent to Langley
LP Template
Barons' Letter to the Pope 1301
Norman Anonymous
1542 England’s Sovereignty Over Scotland Declaration
1548 Bodrugan's Claim to Scotland
Ecumenical Council
1542 Catherine Howard's Trial
Henry VIII, the Reign 5.New Sovereigns in Christendom Francis I is New King of France - Charles V is New King of Spain - Martin Luther’s Thesis - Wolsey de facto Ruler of England On coming of age, the future Charles V had become Duke of Burgundy on 5 January 1515, and Margaret Habsburg, for now, stepped aside as ruler of the Netherlands. Francis I was crowned King of France in the Cathedral of Reims on 25 January 1515, with Claude as his queen consort. He was 20 years old, a similar age to Henry VIII. In England, Thomas Wolsey received news that on 10 September 1515 he had been elected a cardinal. Within months, Francis marched his army to Milan, defeated the Swiss army at the Battle of Marignano during 13 and 14 September 1515, and reclaimed Milan. The conquest strengthened his influence on the pope and he renegotiated the strength of papal authority allowed in France, which was later sealed as the Concordat of Bologna on 18 August 1516. In a crucial strategic move in 1515, Charles sent Adrian Florensz (Adrian of Utrecht, who later became Pope Adrian VI) to Spain to convince his grandfather, Ferdinand II of Aragon, that his Spanish lands should be inherited by Charles and fall under his rule and not that of Charles's Spanish-born younger brother, Ferdinand, whom his grandfather seemed to prefer. Adrian was sufficiently persuasive and succeeded on Charles’s behalf, an act for which in forthcoming years he gained high reward. Adrian’s personal achievements are all the more remarkable because he arrived in Spain in the knowledge that if he were successful and Ferdinand died he would be expected to assume the regency and, as a foreigner from the Low Countries, govern a potentially hostile Spain until Charles arrived. A delicate double task indeed. Catherine of Aragon gave birth to a daughter, the future Queen Mary I of England, on 18 February 1516. Sadly for her, she must have received the news that her father – Charles’s grandfather – Ferdinand had died at about the same time as the birth, 23 January 1516. Charles was now King of Spain, but he was of course in the Netherlands, and so Adrian ruled in his absence. Relations between the Habsburg, Trastámar and Valois dynasties were for the most part volatile, but the Treaty of Noyon, signed on 13 August 1516, allowed Charles to make the journey between the Netherlands and Spain without interference from France, which separates, geographically, these two countries. He set sail for his new kingdom, escorted by forty ships, on 8 September 1517. Margaret Habsburg again assumed the governorship of the Netherlands and Charles arrived in Spain at an inlet near the village of Villaviciosa on 18 September 1517. On 31 October 1517 in Saxony-Anhalt, Martin Luther nailed his ninety-five theses against clerical abuses, including nepotism, simony, usury, pluralism and the sale of indulgences to the door of Wittenberg church. The Christian faith was under attack from within. Pope Leo X, however, at that crucial time called for a crusade against the Turks. Appealing to the new young princes, Leo’s plan for a truce was to be declared throughout Christendom, and he was to be the arbiter of disputes. The Emperor Maximilian and the King of France were to lead the army, England, Spain and Portugal were to furnish the fleet and the combined forces were to be directed against the enemy of Christendom at Constantinople; and so, on 6 March 1518 in Rome, Leo X solemnly declared a five-year truce. To promote the holy cause he dispatched four legates to the corners of Christendom. On 15 April 1518, one of them, Cardinal Lorenzo Campeggio, set out for England as a legate a latere. As a legate, he was of a higher rank than Wolsey. Henry had appealed to the pope since 1514 to promote Wolsey to specifically that status, but in fear of upsetting the French Leo had avoided doing so. As de facto ruler of England, Wolsey seized his chance to become the pope’s alter ego. He had told Henry, who obligingly affirmed that no foreign higher-ranking officer of the papacy than Wolsey himself would be allowed come into England. Campeggio would have to wait at Calais –– wait and wait for as long it took – for Wolsey to be promoted by Leo. Thus, Campeggio waited and waited long at Calais, until eventually Wolsey did receive his promotion from Rome. Campeggio, now having crossed the English Channel, revealed Leo’s papal plan. But Wolsey didn’t like it. After all, it was not Wolsey’s idea and anyway Wolsey had devised a better strategy for Christendom to follow. Notes and Links Concordat of Bologna Martin Luther's Ninety Five Theses Pope Leo X confirms Wolsey's election to the cardinalate LP 892 and 893 Definition: Cardinalate (plural cardinalates) The dignity and ecclestiastic office of Roman Catholic cardinal,the cardinalate ranks equal to a secular prince of the blood Wolsey's election to cardinalate LP 872 and 893 Wolsey thanks Silvester, Bishop of Worcester LP 894 Silvestro de' Gigli Bishop of Worcester,resident in Rome,was the second of three Italian absentees to hold the see before the Reformation Begs Worcester [de Gigli] to remember his other suits and desires LP 895
Francis I King of France Claude Queen of France Adrian Later Rewarded with the Papacy Catherine of Aragon Catherine's Father Ferdinand Martin Luther Charles V King of Spain
Previous Page Part 4
Next Page Part 6
Henry VIII, the Reign.