Wolsey and Papal Power. Wolsey - The Road to His Fall. Part Six - Henry VIII,the Reign.

Henry VIII,the Reign.

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Public Registration Will Open in mid 2017 User Account DETAILS, user must be logged in to view Embed Login Form Logout Link All Pages Short Index Henry VIII the Reign Biographies > Brief Biographies Catherine of Aragon Profile Catherine of Aragon Detailed Charles V Profile > Charles V Detailed Cuthbert Tunstall Detailed Edward Foxe Profile Ferdinand II King of Aragon Profile > Ferdinand Detailed Francis I > Francis I Detailed George Cavendish Henry VIII Hugh Latimer John Fisher John Longland John Foxe Profile > John Foxe Detailed Martin Luther Lorenzo Campeggio Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor > Maximilian Detailed Polydore Vergil Pope Julius II Profile Pope Leo X Giovanni de' Medici Profile > Pope Leo X Detailed Pope Clement VII Profile Richard Pace Robert Barnes Stephen Gardiner Detailed Thomas Boleyn Earl of Wiltshire Detailed Thomas Cranmer Detailed Thomas More William Tyndale Profile William Warham Observations and Queries Page About Features Page One Wosley and CoA Two Boleyn and Howard Three Cromwell and Jane Four Cromwell and Cleves Wolsey. The Road to His Fall > 1. King, Cardinal and Divorce 2. Bourbon and the Prisoner Pope 3. Wolsey to the Rescue 4. Journey to Dover 5. Switched Sides 6. Wolsey and Papal Power Library Bookshelf > Life of Cardinal Wolsey Life and Letters of Thomas Cromwell,Volume1 Anne Boleyn by P Friedman Anne Boleyn, Volume 2, by P.Friedman The Reign of Henry VIII and His Rulers > Reign Contents Page 1.Reign of Henry VIII 1. A New King 2.Reign of Henry VIII 2. The Emergence of Wolsey 3.Reign of Henry VIII 3.New Papal Policy 4.Reign of Henry VIII 4. Cardinal Archbishop of York Murdered 5.Reign of Henry VIII 5. New Sovereigns in Christendom 6.Reign of Henry VIII 6. Wolsey's Rise to Chief Arbiter of Christendom 7.Reign of Henry VIII 7.Humble Henry VIII's Hoorahs Expelled from Court 8.Reign of Henry VIII 8. Election for New Holy Roman Emperor 9.Reign of Henry VIII 9. Wolsey's Aspirations for Papacy 10.Reign of Henry VIII 10. Wolsey’s Failed Papal Aspirations 11.Reign of Henry VIII 11.Calamity at Pavia 12.Reign of Henry VIII 12.Mythical Amicable Grant 13.Reign Of Henry VIII 13.Mythical Amicable Grant 14.Reign of Henry VIII 14. Wolsey Allies Henry to the French 15.Reign of Henry VIII 15.Francis Released and is Back in France 16.Reign of Henry VIII 16.Rome Sacked 17.Reign of Henry VIII 17.Wolsey Bids for Papal Power By Means of France 18.Reign of Henry VIII 18. Anne Boleyn 19.Reign of Henry VIII 19. Chaos 20.Reign of Henry VIII 20. Semblance of Order 21.Reign of Henry VIII 21.Wolsey’s Visit to Queen Catherine 22.Reign of Henry VIII 22. Divorce Trial 23.Reign of Henry VIII 23.Ladies’ Peace 24.Reign of Henry VIII 24. Thomas Cranmer and Joseph of Arimathea 25.Reign of Henry VIII 25. A Reign of Indecision Until Anne is Queen 26.​The Reign of Henry VIII Anne de Boulogne Seeks French Help 27.Anne is Pregnant 28. The Betrothal of Baby Princess Elizabeth 29. Royal Progress 1535 > ​Detailed Royal Progress of 1535 Locations Summary Royal Progress 1535 Map 1535 Royal Progress 1535 Map of Bristol and Gloucester Area Anne Boleyn's Norman Heritage 30. Anglo - French Connection Severed 31. Rebellion! ​32. ​Evangelicals Strengthened by Rebellion Failure 33.​Cromwell Seeks Anglo-German Confederation ​34.Tunstall Called South ​​35.Luther via Cleves 36.Six Articles Revitalise Conservative Faction​​ ​37.Cromwell Recovers from Whipping with Six Strings 38. Cromwell’s Plans Bear Fruit ​​39.Cleves Marriage is a Calamity 40.Diplomatic Incident -Hand Bags in Paris 41. Norfolk Meets with Francis and Marguerite 42. Norfolk is Back and Tells Henry Whats -What 43.The End of Thomas Cromwell​ 44.Privy Council Culpepper Progress and Execution 45. Macho Henry Recovers from Katherine’s Unrequited Love ​46.French Queen of Scotland Pregnant Again ​47.Baby Mary Queen of Scots 48. Attack on Cranmer ​49.Thomas Seymour and Katherine Parr 50.Treaty of Greenwich ​51.Henry is Married to Katherine Parr - Invasion of France ​52.Henry’s War Foiled ​53.Henry Howard Earl of Surrey and Boulogne ​54. The end........of H Mary Rose and the Divorce, Charles's Coronation > 1. Election of the Holy Roman Emperor 2.English Channel and the Imperial Crown 3.Wolsey's Seesaw 4. The Field of the Cloth of Gold 5. A Maritime Spectacular 6. Back to War 7. Calais, Bruges and Double-Dealing 8. Death of a Pope, Charles on the Hop 9. Spain Lauds the English Armáda 10.Charles's Broken Pledge 11. No Place for Catherine in Wolsey’s New Francophile England Thomas Cromwell > Dudley Castle Rebellion! The Pilgrimage of Grace > 1. 1536: England at a Crossroads 2.The Architects of Rebellion 3. First Lincolnshire was Up 4. Then all the North was Up 5.Aske to Spend Christmas with Henry VIII 6.Misplaced Trust 7.Retribution and the Collapse of Catholic Hopes Pilgrimage of Grace Timeline Pilgrimage of Grace, the People Robert Aske Thomas Darcy John Hussey Eustace Chapuys Francis Bigod Robert Bowes Collectanea satis copiosa > 1. Collapse of the Blackfriars Trial 2. Waltham Holy Cross and Thomas Cranmer 3.Joseph of Arimathea 4.Tovi the Proud 5.Last Night of The Proms, Tin and Bronze 6.Last Abbey to be Closed Pope, Tudor, Habsburg and Valois. Christendom’s Dynasties > Dynasty Holbien Master Image Maker

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All Pages Short Index Henry VIII the Reign

Biographies > Brief Biographies Catherine of Aragon Profile Catherine of Aragon Detailed Charles V Profile > Charles V Detailed Cuthbert Tunstall Detailed Edward Foxe Profile Ferdinand II King of Aragon Profile > Ferdinand Detailed Francis I > Francis I Detailed George Cavendish Henry VIII Hugh Latimer John Fisher John Longland John Foxe Profile > John Foxe Detailed Martin Luther Lorenzo Campeggio Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor > Maximilian Detailed Polydore Vergil Pope Julius II Profile Pope Leo X Giovanni de' Medici Profile > Pope Leo X Detailed Pope Clement VII Profile Richard Pace Robert Barnes Stephen Gardiner Detailed Thomas Boleyn Earl of Wiltshire Detailed Thomas Cranmer Detailed Thomas More William Tyndale Profile William Warham

Brief Biographies

Catherine of Aragon Profile

Catherine of Aragon Detailed

Charles V Profile > Charles V Detailed

Charles V Detailed

Cuthbert Tunstall Detailed

Edward Foxe Profile

Ferdinand II King of Aragon Profile > Ferdinand Detailed

Ferdinand Detailed

Francis I > Francis I Detailed

Francis I Detailed

George Cavendish

Henry VIII

Hugh Latimer

John Fisher

John Longland

John Foxe Profile > John Foxe Detailed

John Foxe Detailed

Martin Luther

Lorenzo Campeggio

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor > Maximilian Detailed

Maximilian Detailed

Polydore Vergil

Pope Julius II Profile

Pope Leo X Giovanni de' Medici Profile > Pope Leo X Detailed

Pope Leo X Detailed

Pope Clement VII Profile

Richard Pace

Robert Barnes

Stephen Gardiner Detailed

Thomas Boleyn Earl of Wiltshire Detailed

Thomas Cranmer Detailed

Thomas More

William Tyndale Profile

William Warham

Observations and Queries Page

About

Features Page

One Wosley and CoA

Two Boleyn and Howard

Three Cromwell and Jane

Four Cromwell and Cleves

Wolsey. The Road to His Fall > 1. King, Cardinal and Divorce 2. Bourbon and the Prisoner Pope 3. Wolsey to the Rescue 4. Journey to Dover 5. Switched Sides 6. Wolsey and Papal Power Library Bookshelf > Life of Cardinal Wolsey Life and Letters of Thomas Cromwell,Volume1 Anne Boleyn by P Friedman Anne Boleyn, Volume 2, by P.Friedman The Reign of Henry VIII and His Rulers > Reign Contents Page 1.Reign of Henry VIII 1. A New King 2.Reign of Henry VIII 2. The Emergence of Wolsey 3.Reign of Henry VIII 3.New Papal Policy 4.Reign of Henry VIII 4. Cardinal Archbishop of York Murdered 5.Reign of Henry VIII 5. New Sovereigns in Christendom 6.Reign of Henry VIII 6. Wolsey's Rise to Chief Arbiter of Christendom 7.Reign of Henry VIII 7.Humble Henry VIII's Hoorahs Expelled from Court 8.Reign of Henry VIII 8. Election for New Holy Roman Emperor 9.Reign of Henry VIII 9. Wolsey's Aspirations for Papacy 10.Reign of Henry VIII 10. Wolsey’s Failed Papal Aspirations 11.Reign of Henry VIII 11.Calamity at Pavia 12.Reign of Henry VIII 12.Mythical Amicable Grant 13.Reign Of Henry VIII 13.Mythical Amicable Grant 14.Reign of Henry VIII 14. Wolsey Allies Henry to the French 15.Reign of Henry VIII 15.Francis Released and is Back in France 16.Reign of Henry VIII 16.Rome Sacked 17.Reign of Henry VIII 17.Wolsey Bids for Papal Power By Means of France 18.Reign of Henry VIII 18. Anne Boleyn 19.Reign of Henry VIII 19. Chaos 20.Reign of Henry VIII 20. Semblance of Order 21.Reign of Henry VIII 21.Wolsey’s Visit to Queen Catherine 22.Reign of Henry VIII 22. Divorce Trial 23.Reign of Henry VIII 23.Ladies’ Peace 24.Reign of Henry VIII 24. Thomas Cranmer and Joseph of Arimathea 25.Reign of Henry VIII 25. A Reign of Indecision Until Anne is Queen 26.​The Reign of Henry VIII Anne de Boulogne Seeks French Help 27.Anne is Pregnant 28. The Betrothal of Baby Princess Elizabeth 29. Royal Progress 1535 > ​Detailed Royal Progress of 1535 Locations Summary Royal Progress 1535 Map 1535 Royal Progress 1535 Map of Bristol and Gloucester Area Anne Boleyn's Norman Heritage 30. Anglo - French Connection Severed 31. Rebellion! ​32. ​Evangelicals Strengthened by Rebellion Failure 33.​Cromwell Seeks Anglo-German Confederation ​34.Tunstall Called South ​​35.Luther via Cleves 36.Six Articles Revitalise Conservative Faction​​ ​37.Cromwell Recovers from Whipping with Six Strings 38. Cromwell’s Plans Bear Fruit ​​39.Cleves Marriage is a Calamity 40.Diplomatic Incident -Hand Bags in Paris 41. Norfolk Meets with Francis and Marguerite 42. Norfolk is Back and Tells Henry Whats -What 43.The End of Thomas Cromwell​ 44.Privy Council Culpepper Progress and Execution 45. Macho Henry Recovers from Katherine’s Unrequited Love ​46.French Queen of Scotland Pregnant Again ​47.Baby Mary Queen of Scots 48. Attack on Cranmer ​49.Thomas Seymour and Katherine Parr 50.Treaty of Greenwich ​51.Henry is Married to Katherine Parr - Invasion of France ​52.Henry’s War Foiled ​53.Henry Howard Earl of Surrey and Boulogne ​54. The end........of H

1. King, Cardinal and Divorce

2. Bourbon and the Prisoner Pope

3. Wolsey to the Rescue

4. Journey to Dover

5. Switched Sides

6. Wolsey and Papal Power

Library Bookshelf > Life of Cardinal Wolsey Life and Letters of Thomas Cromwell,Volume1 Anne Boleyn by P Friedman Anne Boleyn, Volume 2, by P.Friedman

Life of Cardinal Wolsey

Life and Letters of Thomas Cromwell,Volume1

Anne Boleyn by P Friedman

Anne Boleyn, Volume 2, by P.Friedman

The Reign of Henry VIII and His Rulers > Reign Contents Page 1.Reign of Henry VIII 1. A New King 2.Reign of Henry VIII 2. The Emergence of Wolsey 3.Reign of Henry VIII 3.New Papal Policy 4.Reign of Henry VIII 4. Cardinal Archbishop of York Murdered 5.Reign of Henry VIII 5. New Sovereigns in Christendom 6.Reign of Henry VIII 6. Wolsey's Rise to Chief Arbiter of Christendom 7.Reign of Henry VIII 7.Humble Henry VIII's Hoorahs Expelled from Court 8.Reign of Henry VIII 8. Election for New Holy Roman Emperor 9.Reign of Henry VIII 9. Wolsey's Aspirations for Papacy 10.Reign of Henry VIII 10. Wolsey’s Failed Papal Aspirations 11.Reign of Henry VIII 11.Calamity at Pavia 12.Reign of Henry VIII 12.Mythical Amicable Grant 13.Reign Of Henry VIII 13.Mythical Amicable Grant 14.Reign of Henry VIII 14. Wolsey Allies Henry to the French 15.Reign of Henry VIII 15.Francis Released and is Back in France 16.Reign of Henry VIII 16.Rome Sacked 17.Reign of Henry VIII 17.Wolsey Bids for Papal Power By Means of France 18.Reign of Henry VIII 18. Anne Boleyn 19.Reign of Henry VIII 19. Chaos 20.Reign of Henry VIII 20. Semblance of Order 21.Reign of Henry VIII 21.Wolsey’s Visit to Queen Catherine 22.Reign of Henry VIII 22. Divorce Trial 23.Reign of Henry VIII 23.Ladies’ Peace 24.Reign of Henry VIII 24. Thomas Cranmer and Joseph of Arimathea 25.Reign of Henry VIII 25. A Reign of Indecision Until Anne is Queen 26.​The Reign of Henry VIII Anne de Boulogne Seeks French Help 27.Anne is Pregnant 28. The Betrothal of Baby Princess Elizabeth 29. Royal Progress 1535 > ​Detailed Royal Progress of 1535 Locations Summary Royal Progress 1535 Map 1535 Royal Progress 1535 Map of Bristol and Gloucester Area Anne Boleyn's Norman Heritage 30. Anglo - French Connection Severed 31. Rebellion! ​32. ​Evangelicals Strengthened by Rebellion Failure 33.​Cromwell Seeks Anglo-German Confederation ​34.Tunstall Called South ​​35.Luther via Cleves 36.Six Articles Revitalise Conservative Faction​​ ​37.Cromwell Recovers from Whipping with Six Strings 38. Cromwell’s Plans Bear Fruit ​​39.Cleves Marriage is a Calamity 40.Diplomatic Incident -Hand Bags in Paris 41. Norfolk Meets with Francis and Marguerite 42. Norfolk is Back and Tells Henry Whats -What 43.The End of Thomas Cromwell​ 44.Privy Council Culpepper Progress and Execution 45. Macho Henry Recovers from Katherine’s Unrequited Love ​46.French Queen of Scotland Pregnant Again ​47.Baby Mary Queen of Scots 48. Attack on Cranmer ​49.Thomas Seymour and Katherine Parr 50.Treaty of Greenwich ​51.Henry is Married to Katherine Parr - Invasion of France ​52.Henry’s War Foiled ​53.Henry Howard Earl of Surrey and Boulogne ​54. The end........of H

Reign Contents Page

1.Reign of Henry VIII 1. A New King

2.Reign of Henry VIII 2. The Emergence of Wolsey

3.Reign of Henry VIII 3.New Papal Policy

4.Reign of Henry VIII 4. Cardinal Archbishop of York Murdered

5.Reign of Henry VIII 5. New Sovereigns in Christendom

6.Reign of Henry VIII 6. Wolsey's Rise to Chief Arbiter of Christendom

7.Reign of Henry VIII 7.Humble Henry VIII's Hoorahs Expelled from Court

8.Reign of Henry VIII 8. Election for New Holy Roman Emperor

9.Reign of Henry VIII 9. Wolsey's Aspirations for Papacy

10.Reign of Henry VIII 10. Wolsey’s Failed Papal Aspirations

11.Reign of Henry VIII 11.Calamity at Pavia

12.Reign of Henry VIII 12.Mythical Amicable Grant

13.Reign Of Henry VIII 13.Mythical Amicable Grant

14.Reign of Henry VIII 14. Wolsey Allies Henry to the French

15.Reign of Henry VIII 15.Francis Released and is Back in France

16.Reign of Henry VIII 16.Rome Sacked

17.Reign of Henry VIII 17.Wolsey Bids for Papal Power By Means of France

18.Reign of Henry VIII 18. Anne Boleyn

19.Reign of Henry VIII 19. Chaos

20.Reign of Henry VIII 20. Semblance of Order

21.Reign of Henry VIII 21.Wolsey’s Visit to Queen Catherine

22.Reign of Henry VIII 22. Divorce Trial

23.Reign of Henry VIII 23.Ladies’ Peace

24.Reign of Henry VIII 24. Thomas Cranmer and Joseph of Arimathea

25.Reign of Henry VIII 25. A Reign of Indecision Until Anne is Queen

26.​The Reign of Henry VIII Anne de Boulogne Seeks French Help

27.Anne is Pregnant

28. The Betrothal of Baby Princess Elizabeth

29. Royal Progress 1535 > ​Detailed Royal Progress of 1535 Locations Summary Royal Progress 1535 Map 1535 Royal Progress 1535 Map of Bristol and Gloucester Area Anne Boleyn's Norman Heritage

​Detailed Royal Progress of 1535

Locations Summary Royal Progress 1535

Map 1535 Royal Progress

1535 Map of Bristol and Gloucester Area

Anne Boleyn's Norman Heritage

30. Anglo - French Connection Severed

31. Rebellion!

​32. ​Evangelicals Strengthened by Rebellion Failure

33.​Cromwell Seeks Anglo-German Confederation

​34.Tunstall Called South

​​35.Luther via Cleves

36.Six Articles Revitalise Conservative Faction​​

​37.Cromwell Recovers from Whipping with Six Strings

38. Cromwell’s Plans Bear Fruit

​​39.Cleves Marriage is a Calamity

40.Diplomatic Incident -Hand Bags in Paris

41. Norfolk Meets with Francis and Marguerite

42. Norfolk is Back and Tells Henry Whats -What

43.The End of Thomas Cromwell​

44.Privy Council Culpepper Progress and Execution

45. Macho Henry Recovers from Katherine’s Unrequited Love

​46.French Queen of Scotland Pregnant Again

​47.Baby Mary Queen of Scots

48. Attack on Cranmer

​49.Thomas Seymour and Katherine Parr

50.Treaty of Greenwich

​51.Henry is Married to Katherine Parr - Invasion of France

​52.Henry’s War Foiled

​53.Henry Howard Earl of Surrey and Boulogne

​54. The end........of H

Mary Rose and the Divorce, Charles's Coronation > 1. Election of the Holy Roman Emperor 2.English Channel and the Imperial Crown 3.Wolsey's Seesaw 4. The Field of the Cloth of Gold 5. A Maritime Spectacular 6. Back to War 7. Calais, Bruges and Double-Dealing 8. Death of a Pope, Charles on the Hop 9. Spain Lauds the English Armáda 10.Charles's Broken Pledge 11. No Place for Catherine in Wolsey’s New Francophile England

1. Election of the Holy Roman Emperor

2.English Channel and the Imperial Crown

3.Wolsey's Seesaw

4. The Field of the Cloth of Gold

5. A Maritime Spectacular

6. Back to War

7. Calais, Bruges and Double-Dealing

8. Death of a Pope, Charles on the Hop

9. Spain Lauds the English Armáda

10.Charles's Broken Pledge

11. No Place for Catherine in Wolsey’s New Francophile England

Thomas Cromwell > Dudley Castle

Dudley Castle

Rebellion! The Pilgrimage of Grace > 1. 1536: England at a Crossroads 2.The Architects of Rebellion 3. First Lincolnshire was Up 4. Then all the North was Up 5.Aske to Spend Christmas with Henry VIII 6.Misplaced Trust 7.Retribution and the Collapse of Catholic Hopes Pilgrimage of Grace Timeline Pilgrimage of Grace, the People Robert Aske Thomas Darcy John Hussey Eustace Chapuys Francis Bigod Robert Bowes

1. 1536: England at a Crossroads

2.The Architects of Rebellion

3. First Lincolnshire was Up

4. Then all the North was Up

5.Aske to Spend Christmas with Henry VIII

6.Misplaced Trust

7.Retribution and the Collapse of Catholic Hopes

Pilgrimage of Grace Timeline

Pilgrimage of Grace, the People

Robert Aske

Thomas Darcy

John Hussey

Eustace Chapuys

Francis Bigod

Robert Bowes

Collectanea satis copiosa > 1. Collapse of the Blackfriars Trial 2. Waltham Holy Cross and Thomas Cranmer 3.Joseph of Arimathea 4.Tovi the Proud 5.Last Night of The Proms, Tin and Bronze 6.Last Abbey to be Closed

1. Collapse of the Blackfriars Trial

2. Waltham Holy Cross and Thomas Cranmer

3.Joseph of Arimathea

4.Tovi the Proud

5.Last Night of The Proms, Tin and Bronze

6.Last Abbey to be Closed

Pope, Tudor, Habsburg and Valois. Christendom’s Dynasties > Dynasty

Dynasty

Holbien Master Image Maker

Catherine & Wolsey Stuff Catherine's Meeting with Wolsey

Catherine's Meeting with Wolsey

Parliament Summary 1529 Opening Thomas More 1529 Commons, Fishers Angry Response 1529 1st Ses All Acts - List 1531 2nd Ses All Acts - List 1532 3rd Ses All Acts - List 1533 4th Ses All Acts List 1534 5th Ses All Acts - List 1534 6th Ses All Acts - List 1536 7th Ses All Acts List 6th Parliament 8 Jun-18 Jul Pardon of the Clergy 1532 Supp Against Ord 1532 Summary of Supplication 1532 Answer[s] of the Ordinaries 1534 Submission of Clergy and Restraint of Appeals

1529 Opening Thomas More

1529 Commons, Fishers Angry Response

1529 1st Ses All Acts - List

1531 2nd Ses All Acts - List

1532 3rd Ses All Acts - List

1533 4th Ses All Acts List

1534 5th Ses All Acts - List

1534 6th Ses All Acts - List

1536 7th Ses All Acts List

6th Parliament 8 Jun-18 Jul

Pardon of the Clergy

1532 Supp Against Ord

1532 Summary of Supplication

1532 Answer[s] of the Ordinaries

1534 Submission of Clergy and Restraint of Appeals

Christendom Waypoints Diet of Worms 1521 League of Torgau Edict of Worms Diet of Speyer I Diet of Speyer II Protestation at Speyer 1529 Diet of Augsburg 1530 Augsburg Confession League of Schmalkalden

Diet of Worms 1521

League of Torgau

Edict of Worms

Diet of Speyer I

Diet of Speyer II

Protestation at Speyer 1529

Diet of Augsburg 1530

Augsburg Confession

League of Schmalkalden

Lollard Knights & Associates CLANVOWE, Thomas (d.1410) OLDCASTLE, Sir John (c.1370-1417) VACHE, Sir Philip de la (1348-1408)

CLANVOWE, Thomas (d.1410)

OLDCASTLE, Sir John (c.1370-1417)

VACHE, Sir Philip de la (1348-1408)

Elizabeth to be Weaned and Sent to Langley

LP Template

Barons' Letter to the Pope 1301

Norman Anonymous

1542 England’s Sovereignty Over Scotland Declaration

1548 Bodrugan's Claim to Scotland

Ecumenical Council

1542 Catherine Howard's Trial

Henry VIII,the Reign ​ Wolsey,the Road to His Fall Westminster to Leicester Abbey 6. Wolsey and Papal Power Now, four years later, Wolsey’s train for this diplomatic mission was 1,000 horses; some talk it down to 900, but it must have been a sight at which to marvel, meandering for miles as the entourage progressed through the Kent countryside towards Canterbury. By 8 July it had reached the cathedral city and Wolsey wrote again to Henry. ‘I send, with these presentes, such letters as I have divised to be signed by Your Highnes, for the calling of such Cardinalles, as wer absent from Rome at the persecution therof, to mete with me in Fraunce; with whom I might consulte for the ordering of Christes Church, in cace thEmperour canne be, by noo reasonable and honnorable meanes, induced to restore to lilbertie the Poope, and such other Cardinalles, as be with him, according to such divises, as I desired your trusty Chapelain, Master Wolman, to declare unto Your Highnes. And forasmoch as that matier requirith gret celerite [speed of action], it may like Your Grace to signe the said letters, and to remitte the same unto me again, with diligence.’ At the same time as he was telling Henry VIII to sign and seal his letters quickly, Wolsey lauded Francis’s mother Louise’s agreement that while Clement was in captivity and subservient to Charles, ‘all Christian princes ought to decline from his [the pope’s] jurisdiction till he is at liberty, so that everyman may have access to him’. Wolsey would be appointed to take control of papal affairs, and he said that to save time all the Italian and French cardinals that remained at liberty should come to him to confer over the government of the church. He emphasised that he did not want to have to go to the other end of France to meet them. The cardinal, yet to arrive at Dover, was a busy legate. He had left Westminster to confer with the French king over Clement’s difficulties, but he also had to deal with the king’s secret matter, the divorce and the arrangement of a marriage treaty for Henry’s eleven-year-old daughter Mary and, on top of all this, he wanted to assume the authority of the pope. Henry VIII was also busy, as Knight informed Wolsey, ‘I have received your letters dated Canterbury, the 8th, and delivered the one intended for the king. As the king had laboured that day from Windsor to the More, he deferred hearing the other letters of my Lord of Worcester and Gregory Casselis till next day.’ By 10 July, Cardinal Wolsey had arrived at Dover. He embarked between three and four o’clock in the morning to make the crossing to Calais. As he looked back over his shoulder, the light from the rising sun lit up the white cliffs; many would have been dazzled by the low morning light, but to the confident, self-assured de facto ruler of England what lay ahead was perfectly clear. The Tudor–Habsburg alliance had finished the day that he heard that a Medici had been made Pope Clement. Charles had promised him that job, and he had worked marvels to earn the reward pledged by the emperor. The remaining physical manifestation of that now detestable alliance was Catherine of Aragon and her matrimonial union with Henry VIII. A proper political union with French Valois dynasty was impossible while England had a Habsburg controlled queen of Trastámara descent. As soon as he had papal authority, Wolsey could grant Henry VIII’s divorce himself, so there would be no need for Clement now. King Henry VIII must divorce Queen Catherine and take a French wife, and he was crossing the English Channel in a fair breeze to negotiate one for him. Once he was pope and England and France were united, he could deal with the Habsburg Charles as he saw fit. The problem to come for Wolsey, however, was that Mademoiselle de Boulogne was behind him, working behind his back, in England.

Louise Francis I Charles V Pope Clement Mademoiselle de Boulogne

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Henry VIII, the Reign.