Pope Clement VII Profile - Henry VIII,the Reign.
Henry VIII,the Reign.
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Public Registration Will Open in mid 2017 User Account DETAILS, user must be logged in to view Embed Login Form Logout Link All Pages Short Index Henry VIII the Reign Biographies > Brief Biographies Catherine of Aragon Profile Catherine of Aragon Detailed Charles V Profile > Charles V Detailed Cuthbert Tunstall Detailed Edward Foxe Profile Ferdinand II King of Aragon Profile > Ferdinand Detailed Francis I > Francis I Detailed George Cavendish Henry VIII Hugh Latimer John Fisher John Longland John Foxe Profile > John Foxe Detailed Martin Luther Lorenzo Campeggio Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor > Maximilian Detailed Polydore Vergil Pope Julius II Profile Pope Leo X Giovanni de' Medici Profile > Pope Leo X Detailed Pope Clement VII Profile Richard Pace Robert Barnes Stephen Gardiner Detailed Thomas Boleyn Earl of Wiltshire Detailed Thomas Cranmer Detailed Thomas More William Tyndale Profile William Warham Observations and Queries Page About Features Page One Wosley and CoA Two Boleyn and Howard Three Cromwell and Jane Four Cromwell and Cleves Wolsey. The Road to His Fall > 1. King, Cardinal and Divorce 2. Bourbon and the Prisoner Pope 3. Wolsey to the Rescue 4. Journey to Dover 5. Switched Sides 6. Wolsey and Papal Power Library Bookshelf > Life of Cardinal Wolsey Life and Letters of Thomas Cromwell,Volume1 Anne Boleyn by P Friedman Anne Boleyn, Volume 2, by P.Friedman The Reign of Henry VIII and His Rulers > Reign Contents Page 1.Reign of Henry VIII 1. A New King 2.Reign of Henry VIII 2. The Emergence of Wolsey 3.Reign of Henry VIII 3.New Papal Policy 4.Reign of Henry VIII 4. Cardinal Archbishop of York Murdered 5.Reign of Henry VIII 5. New Sovereigns in Christendom 6.Reign of Henry VIII 6. Wolsey's Rise to Chief Arbiter of Christendom 7.Reign of Henry VIII 7.Humble Henry VIII's Hoorahs Expelled from Court 8.Reign of Henry VIII 8. Election for New Holy Roman Emperor 9.Reign of Henry VIII 9. Wolsey's Aspirations for Papacy 10.Reign of Henry VIII 10. Wolsey’s Failed Papal Aspirations 11.Reign of Henry VIII 11.Calamity at Pavia 12.Reign of Henry VIII 12.Mythical Amicable Grant 13.Reign Of Henry VIII 13.Mythical Amicable Grant 14.Reign of Henry VIII 14. Wolsey Allies Henry to the French 15.Reign of Henry VIII 15.Francis Released and is Back in France 16.Reign of Henry VIII 16.Rome Sacked 17.Reign of Henry VIII 17.Wolsey Bids for Papal Power By Means of France 18.Reign of Henry VIII 18. Anne Boleyn 19.Reign of Henry VIII 19. Chaos 20.Reign of Henry VIII 20. Semblance of Order 21.Reign of Henry VIII 21.Wolsey’s Visit to Queen Catherine 22.Reign of Henry VIII 22. Divorce Trial 23.Reign of Henry VIII 23.Ladies’ Peace 24.Reign of Henry VIII 24. Thomas Cranmer and Joseph of Arimathea 25.Reign of Henry VIII 25. A Reign of Indecision Until Anne is Queen 26.The Reign of Henry VIII Anne de Boulogne Seeks French Help 27.Anne is Pregnant 28. The Betrothal of Baby Princess Elizabeth 29. Royal Progress 1535 > Detailed Royal Progress of 1535 Locations Summary Royal Progress 1535 Map 1535 Royal Progress 1535 Map of Bristol and Gloucester Area Anne Boleyn's Norman Heritage 30. Anglo - French Connection Severed 31. Rebellion! 32. Evangelicals Strengthened by Rebellion Failure 33.Cromwell Seeks Anglo-German Confederation 34.Tunstall Called South 35.Luther via Cleves 36.Six Articles Revitalise Conservative Faction 37.Cromwell Recovers from Whipping with Six Strings 38. Cromwell’s Plans Bear Fruit 39.Cleves Marriage is a Calamity 40.Diplomatic Incident -Hand Bags in Paris 41. Norfolk Meets with Francis and Marguerite 42. Norfolk is Back and Tells Henry Whats -What 43.The End of Thomas Cromwell 44.Privy Council Culpepper Progress and Execution 45. Macho Henry Recovers from Katherine’s Unrequited Love 46.French Queen of Scotland Pregnant Again 47.Baby Mary Queen of Scots 48. Attack on Cranmer 49.Thomas Seymour and Katherine Parr 50.Treaty of Greenwich 51.Henry is Married to Katherine Parr - Invasion of France 52.Henry’s War Foiled 53.Henry Howard Earl of Surrey and Boulogne 54. The end........of H Mary Rose and the Divorce, Charles's Coronation > 1. Election of the Holy Roman Emperor 2.English Channel and the Imperial Crown 3.Wolsey's Seesaw 4. The Field of the Cloth of Gold 5. A Maritime Spectacular 6. Back to War 7. Calais, Bruges and Double-Dealing 8. Death of a Pope, Charles on the Hop 9. Spain Lauds the English Armáda 10.Charles's Broken Pledge 11. No Place for Catherine in Wolsey’s New Francophile England Thomas Cromwell > Dudley Castle Rebellion! The Pilgrimage of Grace > 1. 1536: England at a Crossroads 2.The Architects of Rebellion 3. First Lincolnshire was Up 4. Then all the North was Up 5.Aske to Spend Christmas with Henry VIII 6.Misplaced Trust 7.Retribution and the Collapse of Catholic Hopes Pilgrimage of Grace Timeline Pilgrimage of Grace, the People Robert Aske Thomas Darcy John Hussey Eustace Chapuys Francis Bigod Robert Bowes Collectanea satis copiosa > 1. Collapse of the Blackfriars Trial 2. Waltham Holy Cross and Thomas Cranmer 3.Joseph of Arimathea 4.Tovi the Proud 5.Last Night of The Proms, Tin and Bronze 6.Last Abbey to be Closed Pope, Tudor, Habsburg and Valois. Christendom’s Dynasties > Dynasty Holbien Master Image Maker
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All Pages Short Index Henry VIII the Reign
Biographies > Brief Biographies Catherine of Aragon Profile Catherine of Aragon Detailed Charles V Profile > Charles V Detailed Cuthbert Tunstall Detailed Edward Foxe Profile Ferdinand II King of Aragon Profile > Ferdinand Detailed Francis I > Francis I Detailed George Cavendish Henry VIII Hugh Latimer John Fisher John Longland John Foxe Profile > John Foxe Detailed Martin Luther Lorenzo Campeggio Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor > Maximilian Detailed Polydore Vergil Pope Julius II Profile Pope Leo X Giovanni de' Medici Profile > Pope Leo X Detailed Pope Clement VII Profile Richard Pace Robert Barnes Stephen Gardiner Detailed Thomas Boleyn Earl of Wiltshire Detailed Thomas Cranmer Detailed Thomas More William Tyndale Profile William Warham
Brief Biographies
Catherine of Aragon Profile
Catherine of Aragon Detailed
Charles V Profile > Charles V Detailed
Charles V Detailed
Cuthbert Tunstall Detailed
Edward Foxe Profile
Ferdinand II King of Aragon Profile > Ferdinand Detailed
Ferdinand Detailed
Francis I > Francis I Detailed
Francis I Detailed
George Cavendish
Henry VIII
Hugh Latimer
John Fisher
John Longland
John Foxe Profile > John Foxe Detailed
John Foxe Detailed
Martin Luther
Lorenzo Campeggio
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor > Maximilian Detailed
Maximilian Detailed
Polydore Vergil
Pope Julius II Profile
Pope Leo X Giovanni de' Medici Profile > Pope Leo X Detailed
Pope Leo X Detailed
Pope Clement VII Profile
Richard Pace
Robert Barnes
Stephen Gardiner Detailed
Thomas Boleyn Earl of Wiltshire Detailed
Thomas Cranmer Detailed
Thomas More
William Tyndale Profile
William Warham
Observations and Queries Page
About
Features Page
One Wosley and CoA
Two Boleyn and Howard
Three Cromwell and Jane
Four Cromwell and Cleves
Wolsey. The Road to His Fall > 1. King, Cardinal and Divorce 2. Bourbon and the Prisoner Pope 3. Wolsey to the Rescue 4. Journey to Dover 5. Switched Sides 6. Wolsey and Papal Power Library Bookshelf > Life of Cardinal Wolsey Life and Letters of Thomas Cromwell,Volume1 Anne Boleyn by P Friedman Anne Boleyn, Volume 2, by P.Friedman The Reign of Henry VIII and His Rulers > Reign Contents Page 1.Reign of Henry VIII 1. A New King 2.Reign of Henry VIII 2. The Emergence of Wolsey 3.Reign of Henry VIII 3.New Papal Policy 4.Reign of Henry VIII 4. Cardinal Archbishop of York Murdered 5.Reign of Henry VIII 5. New Sovereigns in Christendom 6.Reign of Henry VIII 6. Wolsey's Rise to Chief Arbiter of Christendom 7.Reign of Henry VIII 7.Humble Henry VIII's Hoorahs Expelled from Court 8.Reign of Henry VIII 8. Election for New Holy Roman Emperor 9.Reign of Henry VIII 9. Wolsey's Aspirations for Papacy 10.Reign of Henry VIII 10. Wolsey’s Failed Papal Aspirations 11.Reign of Henry VIII 11.Calamity at Pavia 12.Reign of Henry VIII 12.Mythical Amicable Grant 13.Reign Of Henry VIII 13.Mythical Amicable Grant 14.Reign of Henry VIII 14. Wolsey Allies Henry to the French 15.Reign of Henry VIII 15.Francis Released and is Back in France 16.Reign of Henry VIII 16.Rome Sacked 17.Reign of Henry VIII 17.Wolsey Bids for Papal Power By Means of France 18.Reign of Henry VIII 18. Anne Boleyn 19.Reign of Henry VIII 19. Chaos 20.Reign of Henry VIII 20. Semblance of Order 21.Reign of Henry VIII 21.Wolsey’s Visit to Queen Catherine 22.Reign of Henry VIII 22. Divorce Trial 23.Reign of Henry VIII 23.Ladies’ Peace 24.Reign of Henry VIII 24. Thomas Cranmer and Joseph of Arimathea 25.Reign of Henry VIII 25. A Reign of Indecision Until Anne is Queen 26.The Reign of Henry VIII Anne de Boulogne Seeks French Help 27.Anne is Pregnant 28. The Betrothal of Baby Princess Elizabeth 29. Royal Progress 1535 > Detailed Royal Progress of 1535 Locations Summary Royal Progress 1535 Map 1535 Royal Progress 1535 Map of Bristol and Gloucester Area Anne Boleyn's Norman Heritage 30. Anglo - French Connection Severed 31. Rebellion! 32. Evangelicals Strengthened by Rebellion Failure 33.Cromwell Seeks Anglo-German Confederation 34.Tunstall Called South 35.Luther via Cleves 36.Six Articles Revitalise Conservative Faction 37.Cromwell Recovers from Whipping with Six Strings 38. Cromwell’s Plans Bear Fruit 39.Cleves Marriage is a Calamity 40.Diplomatic Incident -Hand Bags in Paris 41. Norfolk Meets with Francis and Marguerite 42. Norfolk is Back and Tells Henry Whats -What 43.The End of Thomas Cromwell 44.Privy Council Culpepper Progress and Execution 45. Macho Henry Recovers from Katherine’s Unrequited Love 46.French Queen of Scotland Pregnant Again 47.Baby Mary Queen of Scots 48. Attack on Cranmer 49.Thomas Seymour and Katherine Parr 50.Treaty of Greenwich 51.Henry is Married to Katherine Parr - Invasion of France 52.Henry’s War Foiled 53.Henry Howard Earl of Surrey and Boulogne 54. The end........of H
1. King, Cardinal and Divorce
2. Bourbon and the Prisoner Pope
3. Wolsey to the Rescue
4. Journey to Dover
5. Switched Sides
6. Wolsey and Papal Power
Library Bookshelf > Life of Cardinal Wolsey Life and Letters of Thomas Cromwell,Volume1 Anne Boleyn by P Friedman Anne Boleyn, Volume 2, by P.Friedman
Life of Cardinal Wolsey
Life and Letters of Thomas Cromwell,Volume1
Anne Boleyn by P Friedman
Anne Boleyn, Volume 2, by P.Friedman
The Reign of Henry VIII and His Rulers > Reign Contents Page 1.Reign of Henry VIII 1. A New King 2.Reign of Henry VIII 2. The Emergence of Wolsey 3.Reign of Henry VIII 3.New Papal Policy 4.Reign of Henry VIII 4. Cardinal Archbishop of York Murdered 5.Reign of Henry VIII 5. New Sovereigns in Christendom 6.Reign of Henry VIII 6. Wolsey's Rise to Chief Arbiter of Christendom 7.Reign of Henry VIII 7.Humble Henry VIII's Hoorahs Expelled from Court 8.Reign of Henry VIII 8. Election for New Holy Roman Emperor 9.Reign of Henry VIII 9. Wolsey's Aspirations for Papacy 10.Reign of Henry VIII 10. Wolsey’s Failed Papal Aspirations 11.Reign of Henry VIII 11.Calamity at Pavia 12.Reign of Henry VIII 12.Mythical Amicable Grant 13.Reign Of Henry VIII 13.Mythical Amicable Grant 14.Reign of Henry VIII 14. Wolsey Allies Henry to the French 15.Reign of Henry VIII 15.Francis Released and is Back in France 16.Reign of Henry VIII 16.Rome Sacked 17.Reign of Henry VIII 17.Wolsey Bids for Papal Power By Means of France 18.Reign of Henry VIII 18. Anne Boleyn 19.Reign of Henry VIII 19. Chaos 20.Reign of Henry VIII 20. Semblance of Order 21.Reign of Henry VIII 21.Wolsey’s Visit to Queen Catherine 22.Reign of Henry VIII 22. Divorce Trial 23.Reign of Henry VIII 23.Ladies’ Peace 24.Reign of Henry VIII 24. Thomas Cranmer and Joseph of Arimathea 25.Reign of Henry VIII 25. A Reign of Indecision Until Anne is Queen 26.The Reign of Henry VIII Anne de Boulogne Seeks French Help 27.Anne is Pregnant 28. The Betrothal of Baby Princess Elizabeth 29. Royal Progress 1535 > Detailed Royal Progress of 1535 Locations Summary Royal Progress 1535 Map 1535 Royal Progress 1535 Map of Bristol and Gloucester Area Anne Boleyn's Norman Heritage 30. Anglo - French Connection Severed 31. Rebellion! 32. Evangelicals Strengthened by Rebellion Failure 33.Cromwell Seeks Anglo-German Confederation 34.Tunstall Called South 35.Luther via Cleves 36.Six Articles Revitalise Conservative Faction 37.Cromwell Recovers from Whipping with Six Strings 38. Cromwell’s Plans Bear Fruit 39.Cleves Marriage is a Calamity 40.Diplomatic Incident -Hand Bags in Paris 41. Norfolk Meets with Francis and Marguerite 42. Norfolk is Back and Tells Henry Whats -What 43.The End of Thomas Cromwell 44.Privy Council Culpepper Progress and Execution 45. Macho Henry Recovers from Katherine’s Unrequited Love 46.French Queen of Scotland Pregnant Again 47.Baby Mary Queen of Scots 48. Attack on Cranmer 49.Thomas Seymour and Katherine Parr 50.Treaty of Greenwich 51.Henry is Married to Katherine Parr - Invasion of France 52.Henry’s War Foiled 53.Henry Howard Earl of Surrey and Boulogne 54. The end........of H
Reign Contents Page
1.Reign of Henry VIII 1. A New King
2.Reign of Henry VIII 2. The Emergence of Wolsey
3.Reign of Henry VIII 3.New Papal Policy
4.Reign of Henry VIII 4. Cardinal Archbishop of York Murdered
5.Reign of Henry VIII 5. New Sovereigns in Christendom
6.Reign of Henry VIII 6. Wolsey's Rise to Chief Arbiter of Christendom
7.Reign of Henry VIII 7.Humble Henry VIII's Hoorahs Expelled from Court
8.Reign of Henry VIII 8. Election for New Holy Roman Emperor
9.Reign of Henry VIII 9. Wolsey's Aspirations for Papacy
10.Reign of Henry VIII 10. Wolsey’s Failed Papal Aspirations
11.Reign of Henry VIII 11.Calamity at Pavia
12.Reign of Henry VIII 12.Mythical Amicable Grant
13.Reign Of Henry VIII 13.Mythical Amicable Grant
14.Reign of Henry VIII 14. Wolsey Allies Henry to the French
15.Reign of Henry VIII 15.Francis Released and is Back in France
16.Reign of Henry VIII 16.Rome Sacked
17.Reign of Henry VIII 17.Wolsey Bids for Papal Power By Means of France
18.Reign of Henry VIII 18. Anne Boleyn
19.Reign of Henry VIII 19. Chaos
20.Reign of Henry VIII 20. Semblance of Order
21.Reign of Henry VIII 21.Wolsey’s Visit to Queen Catherine
22.Reign of Henry VIII 22. Divorce Trial
23.Reign of Henry VIII 23.Ladies’ Peace
24.Reign of Henry VIII 24. Thomas Cranmer and Joseph of Arimathea
25.Reign of Henry VIII 25. A Reign of Indecision Until Anne is Queen
26.The Reign of Henry VIII Anne de Boulogne Seeks French Help
27.Anne is Pregnant
28. The Betrothal of Baby Princess Elizabeth
29. Royal Progress 1535 > Detailed Royal Progress of 1535 Locations Summary Royal Progress 1535 Map 1535 Royal Progress 1535 Map of Bristol and Gloucester Area Anne Boleyn's Norman Heritage
Detailed Royal Progress of 1535
Locations Summary Royal Progress 1535
Map 1535 Royal Progress
1535 Map of Bristol and Gloucester Area
Anne Boleyn's Norman Heritage
30. Anglo - French Connection Severed
31. Rebellion!
32. Evangelicals Strengthened by Rebellion Failure
33.Cromwell Seeks Anglo-German Confederation
34.Tunstall Called South
35.Luther via Cleves
36.Six Articles Revitalise Conservative Faction
37.Cromwell Recovers from Whipping with Six Strings
38. Cromwell’s Plans Bear Fruit
39.Cleves Marriage is a Calamity
40.Diplomatic Incident -Hand Bags in Paris
41. Norfolk Meets with Francis and Marguerite
42. Norfolk is Back and Tells Henry Whats -What
43.The End of Thomas Cromwell
44.Privy Council Culpepper Progress and Execution
45. Macho Henry Recovers from Katherine’s Unrequited Love
46.French Queen of Scotland Pregnant Again
47.Baby Mary Queen of Scots
48. Attack on Cranmer
49.Thomas Seymour and Katherine Parr
50.Treaty of Greenwich
51.Henry is Married to Katherine Parr - Invasion of France
52.Henry’s War Foiled
53.Henry Howard Earl of Surrey and Boulogne
54. The end........of H
Mary Rose and the Divorce, Charles's Coronation > 1. Election of the Holy Roman Emperor 2.English Channel and the Imperial Crown 3.Wolsey's Seesaw 4. The Field of the Cloth of Gold 5. A Maritime Spectacular 6. Back to War 7. Calais, Bruges and Double-Dealing 8. Death of a Pope, Charles on the Hop 9. Spain Lauds the English Armáda 10.Charles's Broken Pledge 11. No Place for Catherine in Wolsey’s New Francophile England
1. Election of the Holy Roman Emperor
2.English Channel and the Imperial Crown
3.Wolsey's Seesaw
4. The Field of the Cloth of Gold
5. A Maritime Spectacular
6. Back to War
7. Calais, Bruges and Double-Dealing
8. Death of a Pope, Charles on the Hop
9. Spain Lauds the English Armáda
10.Charles's Broken Pledge
11. No Place for Catherine in Wolsey’s New Francophile England
Thomas Cromwell > Dudley Castle
Dudley Castle
Rebellion! The Pilgrimage of Grace > 1. 1536: England at a Crossroads 2.The Architects of Rebellion 3. First Lincolnshire was Up 4. Then all the North was Up 5.Aske to Spend Christmas with Henry VIII 6.Misplaced Trust 7.Retribution and the Collapse of Catholic Hopes Pilgrimage of Grace Timeline Pilgrimage of Grace, the People Robert Aske Thomas Darcy John Hussey Eustace Chapuys Francis Bigod Robert Bowes
1. 1536: England at a Crossroads
2.The Architects of Rebellion
3. First Lincolnshire was Up
4. Then all the North was Up
5.Aske to Spend Christmas with Henry VIII
6.Misplaced Trust
7.Retribution and the Collapse of Catholic Hopes
Pilgrimage of Grace Timeline
Pilgrimage of Grace, the People
Robert Aske
Thomas Darcy
John Hussey
Eustace Chapuys
Francis Bigod
Robert Bowes
Collectanea satis copiosa > 1. Collapse of the Blackfriars Trial 2. Waltham Holy Cross and Thomas Cranmer 3.Joseph of Arimathea 4.Tovi the Proud 5.Last Night of The Proms, Tin and Bronze 6.Last Abbey to be Closed
1. Collapse of the Blackfriars Trial
2. Waltham Holy Cross and Thomas Cranmer
3.Joseph of Arimathea
4.Tovi the Proud
5.Last Night of The Proms, Tin and Bronze
6.Last Abbey to be Closed
Pope, Tudor, Habsburg and Valois. Christendom’s Dynasties > Dynasty
Dynasty
Holbien Master Image Maker
Catherine & Wolsey Stuff Catherine's Meeting with Wolsey
Catherine's Meeting with Wolsey
Parliament Summary 1529 Opening Thomas More 1529 Commons, Fishers Angry Response 1529 1st Ses All Acts - List 1531 2nd Ses All Acts - List 1532 3rd Ses All Acts - List 1533 4th Ses All Acts List 1534 5th Ses All Acts - List 1534 6th Ses All Acts - List 1536 7th Ses All Acts List 6th Parliament 8 Jun-18 Jul Pardon of the Clergy 1532 Supp Against Ord 1532 Summary of Supplication 1532 Answer[s] of the Ordinaries 1534 Submission of Clergy and Restraint of Appeals
1529 Opening Thomas More
1529 Commons, Fishers Angry Response
1529 1st Ses All Acts - List
1531 2nd Ses All Acts - List
1532 3rd Ses All Acts - List
1533 4th Ses All Acts List
1534 5th Ses All Acts - List
1534 6th Ses All Acts - List
1536 7th Ses All Acts List
6th Parliament 8 Jun-18 Jul
Pardon of the Clergy
1532 Supp Against Ord
1532 Summary of Supplication
1532 Answer[s] of the Ordinaries
1534 Submission of Clergy and Restraint of Appeals
Christendom Waypoints Diet of Worms 1521 League of Torgau Edict of Worms Diet of Speyer I Diet of Speyer II Protestation at Speyer 1529 Diet of Augsburg 1530 Augsburg Confession League of Schmalkalden
Diet of Worms 1521
League of Torgau
Edict of Worms
Diet of Speyer I
Diet of Speyer II
Protestation at Speyer 1529
Diet of Augsburg 1530
Augsburg Confession
League of Schmalkalden
Lollard Knights & Associates CLANVOWE, Thomas (d.1410) OLDCASTLE, Sir John (c.1370-1417) VACHE, Sir Philip de la (1348-1408)
CLANVOWE, Thomas (d.1410)
OLDCASTLE, Sir John (c.1370-1417)
VACHE, Sir Philip de la (1348-1408)
Elizabeth to be Weaned and Sent to Langley
LP Template
Barons' Letter to the Pope 1301
Norman Anonymous
1542 England’s Sovereignty Over Scotland Declaration
1548 Bodrugan's Claim to Scotland
Ecumenical Council
1542 Catherine Howard's Trial
Henry VIII,the Reign
Pope Clement VII 1523-1534 Giulio de' Medici 1478-1534 Born: 26 May 1478, Florence Died: September 25 1534, Rome Aged: 56
Giulio de' Medici Pope Clement VII
Profile of Giulio de' Medici, Pope Clement VII
CLEMENT VII (Giulio de' Medici), pope from 1523 to 1534, was the son of Giuliano de' Medici, assassinated in the conspiracy of the Pazzi at Florence, and of a certain Fioretta, daughter of Antonia. Being left an orphan he was taken into his own house by Lorenzo the Magnificent and educated with his sons. In 1494 Giulio went with them into exile; but, on Giovanni's restoration to power, returned to Florence, of which he was made archbishop by his cousin Pope Leo X, a special dispensation being granted on account of his illegitimate birth, followed by a formal declaration of the fact that his parents had been secretly married and that he was therefore legitimate. On the 23rd of September 1513 the pope conferred on him the title of cardinal and made him legate at Bologna. During the reign of the pleasure-loving Leo, Cardinal Giulio had practically the whole papal government in his hands and displayed all the qualities of a good administrator; and when, on the death of Adrian VI — whose election he had done most to secure — he was chosen pope (Nov. 18, 1523), his accession was hailed as the dawn of a happier era. It soon became clear, however, that the qualities which had made Clement an excellent second in command were not equal to the exigencies of supreme power at a time of peculiar peril and difficulty. Though free from the grosser vices of his predecessors, a man of taste, and economical without being avaricious, Clement VII was essentially a man of narrow outlook and interests. He failed to understand the great spiritual movement which was convulsing the Church; and instead of bending his mind to the problem of the Reformation, he from the first subordinated the cause of Catholicism and of the world to his interests as an Italian prince and a Medici. Even in these purely secular affairs, moreover, his timidity and indecision prevented him from pursuing a consistent policy; and his ill fortune, or his lack of judgment, placed him, as long as he had the power of choice, ever on the losing side. Clement's accession at once brought about a political change in favour of France; yet he was unable to take a strong line, and wavered between the emperor and Francis I, concluding a treaty of alliance with the French king, and then, when the crushing defeat of Pavia had shown him his mistake, making his peace with Charles (April 1, 1525), only to break it again by countenancing Girolamo Morone's League of Freedom, of which the aim was to assert the independence of Italy from foreign powers. On the betrayal of this conspiracy Clement made a fresh submission to the emperor, only to follow this, a year later, by the Holy League of Cognac with Francis I. (May 22, 1526). Then followed the imperial invasion of Italy and Bourbon's sack of Rome (May 1527) which ended the Augustan age of the papal city in a horror of fire and blood. The pope himself was besieged in the castle of St Angelo, compelled on the 6th of June to ransom himself with a payment of 400,000 scudi, and kept in confinement until, on the 26th of November, he accepted the emperor's terms, which besides money payments included the promise to convene a general council to deal with Lutheranism. On the 6th of December Clement escaped, before the day fixed for his liberation, to Orvieto, and at once set to work to establish peace. After the signature of the treaty of Cambrai on the 3rd of August 1529 Charles met Clement at Bologna and received from him the imperial crown and the iron crown of Lombardy. The pope was now restored to the greater part of his temporal power; but for some years it was exercised in subservience to the emperor. During this period Clement was mainly occupied in urging Charles to arrest the progress of the Reformation in Germany and in efforts to elude the emperor's demand for a general council, which Clement feared lest the question of the mode of his election and his legitimacy should be raised. It was due to his dependence on Charles V, rather than to any conscientious scruples, that Clement evaded Henry VIII's demand for the nullification of his marriage with Catherine of Aragon, and so brought about the breach between England and Rome. Some time before his death, however, the dynastic interests of his family led him once more to a rapprochement with France. On the 9th of June 1531 an agreement was signed for the marriage of Henry of Orleans with Catherine de' Medici; but it was not till October 1533 that Clement met Francis at Marseilles, the wedding being celebrated on the 27th. Before, however, the new political alliance, thus cemented, could take effect, Clement died, on the 25th of September 1534.
Henry VIII, the Reign.